Category Archives: History

Russia Drops WWI-Era Chemicals (Tear Gas) On Ukrainian Soldiers

The U.S. government has a notable detail in their new sanctions press release.

The Department of State is concurrently delivering to Congress a determination pursuant to the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (CBW Act) regarding Russia’s use of the chemical weapon chloropicrin against Ukrainian troops.

Germany is said to have been the first to use the “pesticide” chloropicrin (tear gas) in WWI on the battlefield, despite being outlawed in the the 1899 Hague Convention. The gas was denoted by a blue cross on artillery warheads.

[It is the] particular horror of gas that is captured in Wilfred Owen’s poem Dulce et Decorum Est, arguably the most widely read description of the horrors of war in the English language.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,

He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

The Soviet Union then was known to use cloropicrin in 1989 to control crowds in Georgia, so that soldiers could rush in and hack people to death with shovels.

Working with Georgian scientists, the delegation has identified that agent to be chloropicrin… Twenty persons died and 4,000 sought hospital treatment when Soviet troops, using gases and wielding shovels, broke up an all-night demonstration by 8,000 to 10,000 Georgians… the majority of the deaths were due to the use of “sharpened shovels” by the troops who charged into the demonstration “hacking people to death”…

Shovels? Did someone say Soviet anti-democratic shock troops swung bladed shovels as a psychological and physical weapon in the past? Fast forward to Russian leadership today:

Russian Soldiers Are Attacking Ukrainians With Shovels… “The lethality of the standard-issue MPL-50 entrenching tool is particularly mythologised in Russia,” the U.K. MoD said. Indeed, the MPL-50 has become an iconic weapon of the Spetsnaz, Russia’s special operations forces. In his 1987 book about the origins of Spetsnaz, former Soviet intelligence agent Viktor Suvorov begins by explaining how the soldiers made the shovel into a deadly weapon.

It begs the question how toxic is the tear gas itself, used to illegally immobilize military targets, relative to the bladed-shovel attack that follows like a WWI trench charge.

In humans, a concentration of 2.4 g/m³ can cause death from acute pulmonary oedema in one minute (Hanslian, 1921). concentration us low as I ppm of Chloropicrin in air produces an intense smarting pain in the eyes, and the immediate reaction of any person is to leave the vicinity in haste. If exposure is continued, it may cause serious lung injury. […] As stated above, because of the tear gas effect, a person would be unable to remain in a dangerous concentration of chloropicrin for more than a few seconds. Great care should be taken to prevent unauthorized persons from approaching a fumigation site because the tear gas effect is so powerful that they may become temporarily blinded and panic-stricken, which, in turn, may lead to accidents.

Two feet on a stretcher indicate death from chemicals comes soon after the smell of flypaper. Source: World War II Gas Identification Posters Repository: National Museum of Health and Medicine, OHA 365 Collection, 1941-1945

Related:

How “May Day” Brings Awareness Around the World to American Injustice

Here’s a report by the American Bar Association (ABA) Committee on Communist Tactics, Strategy, and Objectives from the 1960 United States Congressional Record in the Senate.

Congressional Record. (1960)

They’re very happy about President Eisenhower in 1958 formally declaring May 1 as “Law Day”, as in an American law enforcement day.

If you aren’t celebrating this as a holiday of “individual freedom” in America, you’d be excused. A lack of celebration on May 1st every year, the complete lack of anyone paying attention to history or what happened, is ironically by design.

“Law Day” proclamation in 1958 was an anti-holiday tactic from the U.S. government. The idea literally was to prevent people from gathering and talking about injustice and excessive force that has been applied under the law (e.g. prevent May Day being celebrated in America).

It’s a bit like how the state of Arkansas in 1985 officially combined a day to celebrate slavery with the federal Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK) Day. This came after two years of requiring state employees wanting a day off of work to declare affinity to either MLK or a secessionist domestic terrorist known for raping black women (with a third option being they could refuse both and choose their own birthday).

Nobody in America remembers or talks about either May Day and Law Day anymore because… that’s the whole idea.

I’ve written before about the Haymarket Affair on May 4th of 1886. Here’s some more commentary in how tragic deaths and unjust trials in America fueled popularization of May Day around the world as a holiday.

…the protests [calling for an eight hour workday] turned violent when police — “which were basically the armed force of the capitalist masters,” according to historian Linebaugh — attacked workers demonstrating near the McCormick Reaper plant. The following day, a meeting held in the city’s Haymarket Square turned even bloodier. Again, the police intervened, said Linebaugh, triggering clashes that killed both officers and civilians.

A bomb exploded among police ranks in the melee, but historians say it’s unclear whether it was intended for the police or the crowd of civilians.

“There was a trial of eight men who were found guilty of conspiracy to murder,” Linebaugh said. “Even though no evidence was ever produced that any of them had any relationship to this bomb, and four of them were eventually hanged despite a worldwide campaign in England, Europe, Mexico to save their lives.”

Linebaugh points to the influential words of August Spies, one of the convicted men, who just before his execution cried out the famous words: “There will come a time when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today.”

His words “swept the globe,” Linebaugh said. “Throughout Latin America, throughout Europe and in North America, to many, the day became this holiday to celebrate working people.”

To honor the Chicago workers, the International Socialist Conference in 1889 named May Day a labor holiday, birthing what many nations now call International Workers’ Day.

By 1893 the governor of Illinois pardoned the men convicted, calling the trial unfair and a menace to the Republic because “the law was bent to deprive” Americans of civil liberties.

As a result of the 1886 deaths and false convictions, people worldwide observe May 1 as a holiday to commemorate labor protests against abuses of power. A kind of “no taxation without representation” theme, if you will.

Though the movement celebrating May Day originated in the United States, it is not a recognized holiday there. May Day commemorates the mass protests on May 1, 1886, for the eight-hour day, when sixty thousand workers went on strike in Chicago, and the subsequent Haymarket Affair, where eight labor organizers were hanged by the state.

However, in the United States, there’s very intentionally no May Day holiday; instead, the very specifically named “Law Day” was established by the President to quell remembering and fighting for what’s right. This initiative aimed to encourage Americans to stay out of the streets, avoid gatherings, focus on work and above all stop discussing events where the law was unfairly used against those advocating for justice.

Polish Embassy Interviews 1st Person to Crack Enigma: Marian Rejewski

I just noticed a series of nine rare interviews were posted in June 2023 by the Polish Embassy in London.

Each has only a couple hundred views on YouTube despite significance of the subject. They feature war hero Marian Rejewski, the 1st person to crack the Enigma code, describing major breakthroughs before and during WWII (which the British rarely, if ever, gave proper credit to Poland):

1) French X, British Y, Polish Z (0:42)

2) Wiretap collection amounts needed to break Enigma (1:00)

3) Breaking the Enigma code in 1932 (0:56)

4) Enigma “banal” A-A-A, Q-W-E keyfinding (1:31)

5) The 1938 “Bomba” machine (1:16)

6) Enigma codebreaking process and how the Bomba automated the work of over 28 codebreakers (1:30)

7) Manual codebreaking with the primitive “grill method” and then the “cyclometer”, processing over 100,000 Enigma key possibilities ((26x26x26)6) in a few minutes (1:56)

Rejewski’s cyclometer generated a “card catalog” using 26*26*26 or 17,576 positions of the three Enigma alphabet rotors in a given sequence. Given six possible sequences, the catalog was 17,576 * 6 = 105,456.

8) Handing over Enigma codebreaking and Zygalski sheets to the British in 1939 (2:07)

9) Polish-British cooperation on Enigma codebreaking. Poles in Paris would send cracked German Enigma keys over wires to Bletchley Park using “almost comical” protection… encrypted with the German Enigma (1:18)

Related: 2023 biography of Rejewski

Where the Poles broke Enigma. The secret Cipher Bureau (Biuro Szyfrów) cryptanalysis operations center in Pyry forest south of Warsaw. Photo from 1938. The British (e.g. Knox) and French intelligence visited, such that Bletchley Park was then rapidly acquired by England and configured in 1939 (to continue operations after Germany invaded Poland).
Polish codebreakers (left to right) Zygalski, Rozycki and Rejewski. Photo from 1938.
Closeup of the text on a 2002 commemorative plaque to honor the first people to break the Enigma code, oddly placed under some trees and behind a brick wall in a quiet and remote spot at Bletchley Park